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Linux tizimida yordam olish uchun bir nechta usullar mavjud. DevOps muhandislari uchun bu tizimlarni bilish juda muhim, chunki tez-tez yangi buyruqlar va parametrlar bilan ishlash kerak bo'ladi.

man - Manual Pages (Qo'llanma Sahifalari)​

man Nima?​

man (manual) - bu Linux/Unix tizimlarida buyruqlar, fayl formatlari, tizim chaqiruvlari va boshqa mavzular bo'yicha hujjatlarni ko'rish uchun asosiy vosita.

man Asosiy Foydalanish​

# Buyruq bo'yicha yordam
man ls                    # ls buyruqi haqida
man grep                  # grep buyruqi haqida
man nginx                 # nginx haqida

# Configuration files haqida
man nginx.conf            # nginx konfiguratsiya fayli
man sshd_config          # SSH daemon konfiguratsiyasi
man fstab                # File system table

# System calls va library functions
man 2 open               # open() system call
man 3 printf             # printf() library function

man Section'lar (Bo'limlar)​

man pages 9 ta asosiy bo'limga bo'lingan:

1. User Commands (Foydalanuvchi buyruqlari)
2. System Calls (Tizim chaqiruvlari)
3. Library Functions (Kutubxona funksiyalari)
4. Special Files (Maxsus fayllar - /dev)
5. File Formats (Fayl formatlari va konvensiyalar)
6. Games (O'yinlar)
7. Miscellaneous (Turli xil - makrolar, konvensiyalar)
8. System Administration (Tizim boshqaruvi - root buyruqlari)
9. Kernel Routines (Kernel rutinlari - Linux o'ziga xos)

Section'lardan Foydalanish​

# Ma'lum section'dan yordam
man 5 passwd             # passwd fayl formati (section 5)
man 1 passwd             # passwd buyruqi (section 1)
man 8 nginx              # nginx daemon (section 8)

# Section'larni ko'rish
man -a printf            # printf ning barcha section'lari
man -k password          # password bilan bog'liq barcha sahifalar

man Navigation​

man pages less pager bilan ochiladi:

# Navigation tugmalari
Space       Keyingi sahifa
b           Oldingi sahifa
j           Pastga bir qator
k           Yuqoriga bir qator
g           Birinchi sahifa
G           Oxirgi sahifa
q           Chiqish

# Search
/pattern    Qidirish
n           Keyingi match
N           Oldingi match
?pattern    Orqaga qidirish

man Qidiruv va Filter​

# Kalit so'z bo'yicha qidirish
man -k network           # network bilan bog'liq sahifalar
man -k "copy files"      # fayl nusxalash haqida
apropos network          # man -k bilan bir xil

# Qisqa tavsif
whatis ls                # ls buyruqi haqida qisqa ma'lumot
whatis -w "net*"         # net bilan boshlangan buyruqlar

# Ma'lum section'da qidirish
man -k printf | grep "3" # Section 3'da printf qidirish

DevOps uchun Muhim man Pages​

Network va Security​

man ssh                  # SSH client
man sshd_config          # SSH daemon konfiguratsiyasi
man iptables             # Firewall qoidalari
man netstat              # Network connections
man ss                   # Modern netstat
man curl                 # HTTP client
man wget                 # File downloader

System Monitoring​

man top                  # Process monitoring
man htop                 # Advanced process viewer
man ps                   # Process status
man free                 # Memory usage
man df                   # Disk space
man du                   # Directory usage
man iostat               # I/O statistics

File Systems va Storage​

man mount                # File system mounting
man umount               # Unmounting
man fdisk                # Disk partitioning
man lsblk                # Block devices
man fstab                # File system table format

Container va Orchestration​

man docker               # Docker commands
man docker-compose       # Docker Compose
man kubectl              # Kubernetes client (agar o'rnatilgan bo'lsa)

info - GNU Info System​

info Nima?​

info - bu GNU loyihasining hujjat tizimi. man pages dan ko'ra ko'proq ma'lumot va interaktiv navigatsiya imkoniyatini beradi.

info Asosiy Foydalanish​

# Info page ochish
info ls                  # ls buyruqi haqida
info grep                # grep haqida
info bash                # Bash shell haqida

# GNU utilities uchun
info coreutils           # GNU core utilities
info tar                 # tar command
info sed                 # sed command
info awk                 # awk command

info Navigation​

# Navigation
Space       Keyingi sahifa
Backspace   Oldingi sahifa
n           Keyingi node
p           Oldingi node
u           Yuqori node (up)
t           Top node
l           Oxirgi ko'rilgan node (last)
q           Chiqish

# Links va Menu
Tab         Keyingi link
M-Tab       Oldingi link (Alt+Tab)
Enter       Linkni ochish
m           Menu dan tanlash
f           Cross-reference

# Search
s           String qidirish
/           Regexp qidirish

info vs man​

# man page mavjud emas, lekin info mavjud
info tar                 # tar haqida batafsil info
man tar                  # tar haqida man page

# Ba'zan info man dan ko'ra batafsil
info bash                # Bash haqida to'liq hujjat
man bash                 # Bash haqida qisqacha

--help va -h Options​

--help Standard​

Ko'pchilik GNU va Linux buyruqlari --help parametrini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi:

# Basic usage
ls --help                # ls buyruqi options
grep --help              # grep options
cp --help                # cp options
mv --help                # mv options

# System commands
systemctl --help         # systemd service manager
journalctl --help        # systemd journal

DevOps Tools uchun --help​

# Docker
docker --help            # Docker commands ro'yxati
docker run --help        # docker run options
docker build --help      # docker build options

# Kubernetes
kubectl --help           # kubectl commands
kubectl get --help       # kubectl get options
kubectl create --help    # kubectl create options

# Git
git --help               # Git commands
git commit --help        # git commit options
git push --help          # git push options

# Package managers
apt --help               # APT package manager
yum --help               # YUM package manager
dnf --help               # DNF package manager

Custom Tools​

# Configuration management
ansible --help           # Ansible options
terraform --help         # Terraform commands
vagrant --help           # Vagrant commands

# Monitoring tools
prometheus --help        # Prometheus options
grafana-cli --help       # Grafana CLI

# CI/CD tools
jenkins-cli --help       # Jenkins CLI
gitlab-runner --help     # GitLab Runner

help Command (Built-in Shell Help)​

Bash Built-in Commands​

# Shell built-in commands uchun
help cd                  # cd buyruqi haqida
help alias               # alias haqida
help export              # export haqida
help if                  # if statement
help for                 # for loop

# Barcha built-in commands
help                     # Barcha built-in commands ro'yxati

Type Command​

# Buyruq turini aniqlash
type ls                  # ls is aliased to `ls --color=auto'
type cd                  # cd is a shell builtin
type python              # python is /usr/bin/python
type kubectl             # kubectl is /usr/local/bin/kubectl

# Barcha joylashuvlarni ko'rsatish
type -a python           # Barcha python joylashuvi

Advanced Help Techniques​

Combining Help Sources​

# Birinchi --help, keyin man
command --help | head -20
man command

# Info mavjud bo'lsa
info command

# Examples qidirish
man command | grep -A 5 -B 5 "EXAMPLE"

Documentation Directories​

# /usr/share/doc da qo'shimcha hujjatlar
ls /usr/share/doc/       # O'rnatilgan dasturlar hujjatlari
ls /usr/share/doc/nginx/ # Nginx hujjatlari
ls /usr/share/doc/docker.io/  # Docker hujjatlari

# README va CHANGELOG fayllar
find /usr/share/doc -name "README*"
find /usr/share/doc -name "CHANGE*"

Online Help Integration​

# curl bilan online help
curl cheat.sh/tar       # tar cheat sheet
curl cheat.sh/docker     # docker cheat sheet
curl cheat.sh/kubectl    # kubectl cheat sheet

# tldr - simplified man pages
tldr tar                 # (agar o'rnatilgan bo'lsa)
tldr docker
tldr kubectl

DevOps uchun Amaliy Stsenarilar​

1. Yangi Tool bilan Tanishish​

# 1-qadam: --help bilan boshlash
kubectl --help

# 2-qadam: man page tekshirish
man kubectl

# 3-qadam: examples qidirish
kubectl --help | grep -i example
man kubectl | grep -A 10 EXAMPLE

# 4-qadam: online resources
curl cheat.sh/kubectl

2. Configuration File Format​

# Config fayl formati haqida
man nginx.conf           # Nginx config format
man docker-compose.yml   # (agar mavjud bo'lsa)
man 5 crontab           # Cron format

# Config validation
nginx -t                # Nginx config test
docker-compose config   # Docker compose validation

3. Troubleshooting​

# Error code ma'nosi
man errno               # System error codes
man systemd.exec        # Systemd execution context

# Log format haqida
man rsyslog.conf        # Rsyslog configuration
man journald.conf       # Systemd journal

4. Security Commands​

# Security-related man pages
man sudo                # Sudo configuration
man sudoers             # Sudoers file format
man ssh_config          # SSH client config
man sshd_config         # SSH daemon config
man iptables            # Firewall rules

5. Performance Monitoring​

# Performance tools
man top                 # Top command
man vmstat              # Virtual memory statistics
man iostat              # I/O statistics
man sar                 # System activity reporter

Help Workflow Best Practices​

1. Systematic Approach​

# DevOps engineer workflow
# 1. Quick syntax check
command --help | head -10

# 2. Detailed information
man command

# 3. Examples search
man command | grep -A 5 -B 5 -i example

# 4. Online cheat sheets
curl cheat.sh/command

2. Creating Personal Cheat Sheets​

# Command references ni saqlash
mkdir ~/cheatsheets
echo "kubectl get pods --all-namespaces" >> ~/cheatsheets/k8s.txt
echo "docker ps -a --format 'table {{.Names}}\t{{.Status}}'" >> ~/cheatsheets/docker.txt

3. Bookmark Useful Commands​

# .bashrc da aliases
alias k='kubectl'
alias d='docker'
alias tf='terraform'

# Function'lar yaratish
function khelp() {
    kubectl $1 --help | head -20
}

function dhelp() {
    docker $1 --help | head -20
}

4. Documentation Organization​

# Team uchun documentation
mkdir -p ~/docs/{docker,kubernetes,ansible,terraform}

# Important commands saqalsh
cat > ~/docs/docker/common-commands.md << 'EOF'
# Docker Common Commands

## Container Management
- docker ps -a
- docker logs container_name
- docker exec -it container_name /bin/bash

## Image Management  
- docker images
- docker build -t image_name .
- docker rmi image_name
EOF

Troubleshooting Help Issues​

1. Man Page Mavjud Emas​

# Man page yo'q bo'lsa
command --help          # Alternative help
info command           # GNU info system
command -h             # Short help

# Online documentation qidirish
curl cheat.sh/command

2. Outdated Documentation​

# Version check
command --version       # Command version
man command | head -5   # Man page version

# Online help
# Official documentation websites
# GitHub repositories
# Stack Overflow

3. Language Issues​

# English man pages
LANG=C man command      # English da ko'rsatish
LC_ALL=C man command    # Barcha locale English

# Man pages joylashuv
echo $MANPATH           # Man path
man -w command          # Man page file location

Bu tutorial help systems bo'yicha DevOps engineers uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha asosiy ma'lumotlarni qamrab oladi. Linux tizimida ishlashda yordam tizimlarini samarali foydalanish professional rivojlanish uchun juda muhimdir.